Promotion of Democracy and its Purpose in the United States Plans Essa

The United States highly esteems its equitable optimism and accepts the each state ought to have the chance to encounter the opportunity vote based system offers. Majority rule government, in term of American qualities, takes into account the â€Å"right to life, freedom, and the quest for happiness† . These are unavoidable for everybody and those nations that retain this must be change or transformed. The United States with other equitable nations has assumed the undertaking of changing over all non-vote based states into popularity based governments. This procedure in inspired by the face, many accept just country are preferred for the world over the last mentioned. Shockingly moving to such â€Å"perfect† model of government isn't simple and once in a while near an incomprehensible endeavor. The opportunities for direct United State mediation is high. With this mediation, the nation must make prudent move so as to enter and exit as calmly as could be expected under t he circumstances. The acceptance of further turmoil in at times an effectively tumultuous country must be a further inconvenience. Popular government is seen ass the answer for making a serene world, be that as it may, making this consul world perhaps very difficulty because of the considerable number of variables that are engaged with exchanging the administrations of these countries. The United States and a few different nations around the globe grasp the belief system of majority rules system. It is taken a gander at as the most optimistic type of legislative structure since vote based systems are seen to be progressively serene. Lake states, â€Å"Democracies tend not to take up arms against one another or support psychological oppression. They are progressively dependable in discretion and make a superior showing regarding the human privileges of their people† . These states are bound to be to a lesser extent a danger to the security of the United States. Faili... ...mber 21, 1993. Anthony Lake, â€Å"From Containment to Enlargement† Address at School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, September 21, 1993. Condoleezza Rice, â€Å"The Promise of Democratic Peace: Why Promoting Freedom is the Only Realistic Path to Security† Washington Post, December 11, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/09/AR2005120901711.html Condoleezza Rice, â€Å"The Promise of Democratic Peace: Why Promoting Freedom is the Only Realistic Path to Security† Washington Post, December 11, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/09/AR2005120901711.html Condoleezza Rice, â€Å"The Promise of Democratic Peace: Why Promoting Freedom is the Only Realistic Path to Security† Washington Post, December 11, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/09/AR2005120901711.html

How far can acts of violence and coercion be attributed to beliefs and Essay

How far can demonstrations of viciousness and pressure be credited to convictions and philosophies Discuss regarding Block 6 and one oth - Essay Example In numerous pieces of the globe today, there are places where viciousness is experienced. Savagery be that as it may, can be forestalled through different ways. Proof shows that there are different usage that can help get rid of viciousness in the general public. Among these usage are: Developing acceptable connections among guardians and kids Education on the most proficient method to forestall abuse Practicing sexual orientation balance Having programs in schools that address sex issues and mentalities Reducing the accessibility of liquor since the impacts are known to be negative to the clients Supporting the financial strengthening to maintain a strategic distance from false impressions among people. These are a portion of the procedures that can be actualized to verify that savagery is discarded. Intimidation then again, alludes to the utilization of powerful movement to make an individual or a gathering of individuals take to participate in something in a way which is automatic . This implies it is where people are compelled to attempt a few exercises without their will. Compulsion can be in real life or inaction using terrorizing and dangers and some different powers of weight. This is consequently a demonstration that abuses the through and through freedom of people since they participate in exercises when they would prefer not to. Intimidation for the most part incorporates shakedown, blackmail and torment among other commanding natured activities. It is a demonstration compelling people to act against their own advantages coming about to participation by the people being forced. For this situation, they need to coordinate on the grounds that there are results looked by the individuals who are not ready to do as such. To evade these outcomes, they wind up complying with all the guidelines and guidelines they are given ensuring that they do what is anticipated from them. This article tries to disclose how much the demonstrations of viciousness and pressu re can be ascribed to convictions and belief systems. The two issues that will be talked about in this paper are Religion and economy. These are a portion of the issues that have been affecting how individuals live with one another for quite a while now everywhere throughout the world. This gives an unmistakable impression that they are delicate issues and influence the lives of individuals. They impactsly affect lives of individuals since rehearses in that are embraced in day-today life. They are among those variables that add to contrasts and the manners by which individuals partner with one another. This exposition will hence cover Europe as an area on the planet to perceive how these two issues had impact on people and to what degree they can be ascribed to convictions and belief systems. Taking a gander at the primary issue of religion, unmistakably people were requested on what to have faith in and how they were to do their love. The idea of the lessons in places of worship wo uld not change quickly in light of the fact that there was a particular thing that should be instructed. Observing the principles and guidelines, it was very hard for the congregation heads to train what they decided to in light of the fact that they couldn't do it. Going to the fellowship was an obligatory thing which keeps an eye on people had no real option except to do what they were told. The way that people had to revere here and there observing standards and guidelines they were not willing to, caused them to have issues with their pioneers and on occasion occupied with fierce exercises. These pioneers rehearsed pressure out of convictions that there are a few things that shouldn't be polished in houses of worship (Wallace, 2004, 48). They thought of the possibility that they should control

High School Admissions Essay - How to Make Your Essay Powerful and Compelling

High School Admissions Essay - How to Make Your Essay Powerful and CompellingThe best high school admissions essays are those written by the student that reflects not only their personal qualities but also the qualities of the institution they would like to go to. Though this is certainly not always an easy task, there are a few easy things that one can do to make their high school admissions essay samples much more powerful and convincing.This is important because essays that are too written are not always that interesting. There are some people who can write well but not for you. To make sure that your essay does not fall into the category of one-dimensional essays, here are some pointers on how to make your essay as effective as possible.First, it is very important that you give priority to the research that is needed in your high school admissions essay. This research will help you with the facts you have on hand and hence, makes the essay less of a bore.Second, you need to gathe r all the data that you can about the institution and the subject you are writing about. This would help you to make the essay more appealing as you get a clear picture of what to say and why you should do it.Third, make your essay readable. This includes making sure that you include no redundancies and that you avoid grammatical mistakes. These will help with the persuasive aspects of your essay.Fourth, your essay should be targeted at the college or university that you wish to apply to. In fact, this is so important that even the essay should be crafted such that you appeal directly to the institution you are applying to. An easy way to do this is to write about the success you achieved at your high school as well as your achievements in your local community.For this, you need to be sure that you give special attention to the subjects that would most relate to the subject of your high school admissions essay. This will allow you to make your high school admissions essay sample mor e appealing to college admission committees.

Learn How to Tell Time in Italian

The simplest way to inquire about the time in Italian is by using the verb essere: Che ore sono? Che ora à ¨? – What time is it? You can use the above sentences interchangeably when asking about the time, but when responding you will always use sono le unless you are talking about 1 p.m. in the 12 hour clock (à © luna) or mezzogiorno and mezzanotte: Sono le diciassette. – It is the 17th hour or 5 pm.È mezzogiorno. – Its noon. Be Polite But even better, if you want to be polite add an excuse me into the mix: Mi scusi, che ora à ¨? – Excuse me, what time is it?Mi scusi, che ore sono? – Excuse me, what time is it? The two questions have the same meaning and basic structure. The difference is that the first uses ora à ¨? (is it now?), while the second uses sono le? (is it?). Both uses are perfectly acceptable, but the first conveys a slightly greater sense of immediacy. Useful Vocabulary: Morning, Afternoon, Evening and Night To indicate a.m. add di mattina: Sono le 11 di mattina. – It’s 11 in the morning. To indicate afternoon add del pomeriggio (12 noon to 5 pm): Sono le 2 del pomeriggio. – It’s 2 in the afternoon. To indicate evening use di sera . This period of time changes with seasons but it usually sits between the afternoon and the late night, from 5 pm to 9 or 10 pm: Sono le sei di sera. – It’s 6 in the evening. To indicate night time use di notte (10 pm to early morning): Sono le 3 di notte. – It’s three in the morning. Must-Know Vocabulary Words Additionally, there are a number of important words and phrases to know in relation to telling time in Italian. Heres a brief list with their English equivalents: Una mezz’ora (A half hour):Mamma arriva tra mezzora. – Mom arrives in thirty minutes.Un quarto d’ora (A quarter of an hour):Ho bisogno di un quarto dora per farmi una doccia. – I need 15 minutes to take a shower.A volte (Sometimes):A volte mi prendo un caffà ¨. – Sometimes I buy myself a coffee.Due volte al giorno (Twice a day):Passeggio al cane due volte al giorno. – I walk the dog twice a day.Tutti i giorni (Every day):Io vado al gym tutti i giorni. – I go to the gym every day.Ogni tanto (From time to time):Ogni tanto visito la mia zia in Chicago. – From time to time I visit my aunt in Chicago.Mancano cinque minuti alle... (It’s five minutes to...)Mancano cinque minuti alle 3 pm. – Its five to 3 pm.A che ora chiude? (What time does it close?):A che ora chiude la piscina? – What time does the pool close?A che ora apre? (What time does it open?):A che ora apre il panificio? – What time does the baker y open?A che ora comincia? (What time does it start?):A che ora comincia il film? – What time does the movie start? Reminder Dont forget that the 24 hour clock usage is widespread in Italy and most parts of Europe. In short, 1 p.m. is expressed as 13:00, while 5:30 p.m. is 17:30. An appointment or invitation for 19:30 is meant for 7:30 p.m. But the 12 hour clock is well known and everyone will understand when you use it. Finally, the months, as well as the days of the week in Italian, will give you more vocabulary and broaden your skills in the language.

Property in Second Treatise of Civil Government and...

Property in Second Treatise of Civil Government and Robinson Crusoe Both John Lockes Second Treatise of Civil Government and Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe deal with the question of property. In these two texts, the following questions arise: when does common property become an individuals property; and what factors make the appropriation of property justifiable or not? These questions may be answered by looking at each authors political views, followed by how they are incorporated in their work. Locke outlines the procedures for the transition of property to private ownership, while Defoe details the way Crusoe appropriates property (i.e., food, accommodations, and slaves) during the course of his stay on the†¦show more content†¦But even though the topic came up incidentally, Locke had much to say about it. He dedicated an entire chapter in his Treatise to discussing property and its importance in the laws of nature and government. Throughout Chapter V of his Second Treatise, Locke uses the term property†¦to connote that something is ones own, either inclusively or exclusively. That is, anything which is in any sense ones own is ones property. This seems to be the conventional seventeenth-century use of the term (Tully 112). Locke argues that natural reason†¦tells us, that men, being once born, have a right to their preservation (Locke 352). After establishing this principle, Locke continues to surmise that God has given the earth†¦to mankind in common. But this being supposed, it seems to some a very great difficulty how any one should ever come to have a property in any thing (Locke 353). This puzzling question may have different answers that all seem relative. Nonetheless, says Locke, every man is his own property and this nobody has a right to but himself (Locke 353). But, beyond this view, where else does private property originate? According to Locke, common property becomes individual property the moment one adds his or her labor to it. As Locke argues, The labour of his [theShow MoreRelatedCrusoe’s Island as an Allegorical Expression of Locke’s Theories on Property and Government2212 Words   |  9 Pagesas an Allegorical Expression of Locke’s Theories on Property and Government Two prolific writers captured what was pressing to the economic and political zeitgeist of 18th century England. John Locke’s ideas on property influenced readers like Thomas Jefferson who would be a prolific politician involved in the founding of the United States. Locke’s views on an individual’s right to property is discussed in his Second Treatise of Government. But what also are compelling to readers at the time wereRead More Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise2874 Words   |  12 PagesObservations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         People have been fighting over land and possessions since Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden. But what actually constitutes the ownership of property? In the eighteenth century John Locke and Daniel Defoe addressed this question. In his Second Treatise, Locke defends the rights of people to property and he explains the basis for obtaining and maintaining dominion over it. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe suggests a definition

Mediating Role of Legal Institutions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Mediating Role of Legal Institutions. Answer: Introduction: The issue that has been mentioned in the question refers to the structure and content of the GHG Emission disclosure that has been mentioned in the sustainability report of the concerned company. The particular structure that has been utilized by the management of Woodside Petroleum Limited is that it has provided sufficient disclosure in its sustainability report in regards to the GHG emission disclosure by the company for the particular financial year of 2017. It has mentioned the product and the description of the product has also been involved in the annual report of the company. The other heads that has been included in GHG emission disclosure are the Taxonomy, project or methodology used to classify product/s as low carbon or to calculate avoided emissions , % revenue from low carbon product/s in the reporting year and % RD low carbon products in the reporting year. Moreover, other relevant information has also been included in the GHG emission disclosure. Furthermore, it has been mentioned in the reports of the organization inn regards to the voluntary disclosures and the related documents have also been attached. In the case of AGL Energy Limited, the disclosure that has been provided in regards to the GHG emission disclosure reflects the fact that the corporate entity is moving towards a carbon constrained future. It has been further mentioned in the sustainability report of the company that the company has a commitment to limit the level of global warming to less than 2 C above pre-industrial levels. The structure and content that has been included in the GHG emission disclosure of the company have been segregated into three methods that have been utilized for the purpose of measuring the GHG emissions of the corporate entity (Agevall, Broberg, Umans, 2018). These methods are as follows: The operational greenhouse gas footprint results in the covering of the emission in regards to the activities or the operations of the company that results in emissions The equity greenhouse gas footprint refers to the share that has been experienced by the company in regards to the emissions from partly or fully owned assets irrespective of the fact that to whom the ownership of the particular asset belongs to. The energy supply greenhouse gas foot print on the other hand leads to the estimation of the supply chain emissions that have been associated with the energy that is sold to the customers of the business entity. However, an issue with the GHG emission disclosure of the company has been that there have been no voluntary disclosures in the sustainability report of the firm in regards to the greenhouse gas or carbon emission for the particular financial year(Agevall, Broberg, Umans, 2018). The particular standard that has been established by the NGER Act is the Clean Energy Regulator leads to the encouragement of the voluntary compliance by emphasizing on providing he required guidance and assistance to their clients for the purpose of understanding the rights, obligations and entitlements. The fundamental standards that have been mentioned by NGER are as follows: Production of energy and consumption has been accurately reported and categorized Reporting and measurement of the emissions regards to flaring has been accurate Reporting of the location of the facility has been accurate. Therefore, it can be evidently concluded that both the corporate enteritis of Woodside Petroleum Limited and AGL Energy Limited has adhered to the standards as established by the NGER Act. However, a particular issue with the sustainability report of the corporate entity of AGL Limited has been that it has not undertaken any voluntary disclosures in regards to the GHG emissions or carbon emission in the GHG emission disclosure of the corporate entity for the stipulated financial year (Agevall, Broberg, Umans, 2018). The NGER audit requirements have been as follows: The audit team is solely responsible for ensuring the fact that the team has the required degree of skills for the purpose of successfully carrying out the all the aspects in regards to the committed management procedures (Agevall, Broberg Umans, 2018). The team leaders should in all probabilities ensure the fact that the audits have been carried out and reported in compliance with the auditing standards as mentioned in the Australian Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. Section 2.5 (c) of the NGR audit determination states the fact that this includes ASAE 3000. Moreover, depending on the subject matter of the audit the auditors might need to apply ASAE 3100, ASAE 3410 and ASAE 3450 (Agevall, Broberg Umans, 2018). The second consideration is that the auditor must be independent of the subject of the audit such as program applicant or project participant to that extent when the conflict of the interest situation does not arise in the audit of the subject matter (Agevall, Broberg Umans, 2018). The type of assurance opinion provided in the sustainability report of Woodside Petroleums sustainability report is that the third party verification or assurance process is in place. The opinion that has been provided in regards to assurance refers to the fact that annual process has limited assurance and that the assurance in regards to the GHG emission disclosure has reasonable assurance. The subject matter for limited assurance has been the full content of the report in regards to the activities of Woodside Petroleum Limited. The Global Reporting Initiatives G4 disclosures has also been the subject matter for limited assurance (Axelsen, Green Ridley, 2017). On the other hand, the subject matter for reasonable assurance are as follows: Anti-bribery and transparency Regulatory compliance Change in climate Prevention of the major incidents Responsiveness in regards to major incidents Health and safety performance The criteria that has been applicable to the report are the Principles for Defining Report Content and the GRI Principles for Ensuring Report Quality and the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) G4 Reporting Guidelines. In case of AGL Energy Limited , the type of assurance opinion that has been provided in the sustainability report of the company has been that of the type pf limited assurance engagement. The subject matter of the report that has been presented in the sustainability framework of the company are as follows: AA1000 principles the particular corporate entity of AGL Energy Limited has applied the accountability principles standard in regards to the management and reporting of the sustainability performance of the company. Sustainability targets of has been another subject matter of audit The reporting criteria has been that the principles of inclusivity; materiality and responsiveness that has been set out in AA1000 APS are applied. The next reporting criteria that has been utilized for the next subject matter of audit are the approaches and the definitions that have been described in the sustainability framework section contained in the sustainability framework of AGL Energy Limited for the financial year of 2016. The assurance standard that has been employed by the auditor is the AA1000 Principles (Axelsen, Green Ridley, 2017). The most important auditing assertions that would be included for the purpose of GHG reporting are as follows: The rights and obligations of the required standards have been met with The completeness of the sustainability report has been met with the required standdads of reporting. The case that has been presented in the question is that CFW Ltd was taken over by Warehousing Ltd. However, the particular fact had been that the auditors had not attended all stocktakes at the year end. There had been discrepancies in regards to the closing balance of the inventories. The inventories had been overvalued and the particular issue that had been raised by the management was that the auditors had been very negligent. The particular case study that can be proceeded with is the Twomax Ltd v Dickson, Mcfarlane Robinson where the cour had given out the particular ruling that the defendant auditor would be liable to make payments for the loss that had been suffered by the company. To be more precise, the third party investors who had trusted in the audited proceedings of the corporate entities had experienced reasonable loss for executing specific decision making skills in regards to the result of the audit. The acquiring company had suffered the majority of the loss due to the fact that the CFW had essentially been taken over by Warehousing Limited on the basis of the inventory balance of the acquired company. However, the overvaluing of the inventories of the acquired company led to a huge loss that had been suffered by Warehousing Limited (Axelsen, Green Ridley, 2017). Moreover another case law that can be discussed in regards to this particular issue is the Haig v Bamford. In this particular case the tests that could be applied for the purpose of proving negligence on the part of the auditor are as follows: Foresee ability in regards to the utilization of the financial statements and the report of the auditor thereon by the plaintiff and reliance thereon The actual knowledge in regards to the class that is limited in relation to the utilization of the financial statements of the corporate entities and reliance on such issued statements Actual knowledge of the specific plaintiff who will utilize and put efficient reliance on the statements. It must be noted here that the above three mentioned tests have been adapted in the common law jurisdiction in order to facilitate an Australian court for finding the persuasive authority for the adoption of any test that it might choose (Schnader, Bedard Cannon, 2015). Therefore, the case that is created against the auditors of the CFW Ltd can be based upon the following major criteria as follows: The auditors did not attend all stocktakes at year-end. CFW were present at those for the Sydney based operations of the company only, this inventory is determined to have been overvalued by 35%. 50% of the inventory of the inventory does not exist and the auditors of the company have not highlighted this fact. The particular fact that Warehousing Limited has the grounds to indicate the fact that the auditors have been negligent should be highlighted in the case. This means that the building of the case should be based upon the fact that the auditors have been negligent. However, it must be noted here that if the act of negligence is not been proved in regards to the case then Warehousing Ltd will not be able to be successful in their legal action. This is due to the fact that if the defendant is able to prove that there was no negligence on his part and the company had committed the discrepancy then the winning of the particular case would be difficult. Moreover, the particular fact that the auditor has raised that there had been much pressure by CFW to complete the audit within one month of the balance date, should be dealt with carefully (Schnader, Bedard Cannon, 2015). If Warehousing Ltd had written to the auditors telling them that they intended to buy CFW and were relying on the audited financial statements to assist them in making their decision then the case would be totally in support of Warehousing Limited. This is due to the fact that the feature of negligence on the part of the auditor could have been proved with much ease (Schnader, Bedard Cannon, 2015). References and Bibliography Agevall, L., Broberg, P., Umans, T. (2018). The new generation of auditors meeting praxis: Dual learnings role in audit students professional development. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(2), 307-324. Agevall, L., Broberg, P., Umans, T. (2018). The new generation of auditors meeting praxis: Dual learnings role in audit students professional development. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(2), 307-324. Axelsen, M., Green, P., Ridley, G. (2017). Explaining the information systems auditor role in the public sector financial audit. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 24, 15-31. Bae, G. S., Choi, S. U., Dhaliwal, D. S., Lamoreaux, P. T. (2016). Auditors and client investment efficiency. The Accounting Review, 92(2), 19-40. Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G., Wright, A. (2017). Enterprise risk management and the financial reporting process: The experiences of audit committee members, CFOs, and external auditors. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(2), 1178-1209. D'Onza, G., Sarens, G. (2018). Factors that enhance the quality of the relationships between internal auditors and auditees: Evidence from Italian companies. International Journal of Auditing, 22(1), 1-12. El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Pittman, J. (2016). Cross-country evidence on the importance of Big Four auditors to equity pricing: The mediating role of legal institutions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 54, 60-81. Halbouni, S. S. (2015). The role of auditors in preventing, detecting, and reporting fraud: the case of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). International Journal of Auditing, 19(2), 117-130. Lisic, L. L., Silveri, S. D., Song, Y., Wang, K. (2015). Accounting fraud, auditing, and the role of government sanctions in China. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1186-1195. Nelson, M. W., Proell, C. A., Randel, A. E. (2016). Team-oriented leadership and auditors' willingness to raise audit issues. The Accounting Review, 91(6), 1781-1805. Schnader, A. L., Bedard, J. C., Cannon, N. (2015). The principal-agent dilemma: Reframing the auditor's role using stakeholder theory. Accounting and the Public Interest, 15(1), 22-26. Soh, D. S., Martinov-Bennie, N. (2015). Internal auditors perceptions of their role in environmental, social and governance assurance and consulting. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), 80-111. Tysiac, K., 2015. Data analytics helps auditors gain deep insight. Journal of Accountancy, 219(4), p.52.

Knowledge Networks Social Capital

Introduction It can be said that the most important resource of the organization is the knowledge and skills that are possessed by the workforce. This knowledge keeps on increasing since the employees keep on learning new things everyday.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Networks Social Capital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, it can be said that teamwork is preferred since it allows for the enhancement of the learning process among the employees. The teams or the social networks that are used to enhance the knowledge acquisition process of the employees are referred to as the knowledge networks (Ahmadi Eskandari 2011). There are two types of knowledge networks namely-communities of practice and communities of interest. According to Inkpen Tsang (2005), community of practice refers to a group of individuals that have a desire for learning and share the same goals. The interactions of t he members in the community of practice can be enhanced by making use of the technology. Community of interest is considered to consist of more members than a community of practice and it is very instrumental in facilitating the learning process of the members. The outcome of the community of interest can be enhanced by putting in place discussion forums and by making use of technology. These will facilitate meaningful interactions between the members. On the other hand, social capital refers to the institution’s norms or cultures that influence the extent of interactions in an organization. This is based on the premise that social interactions are very critical in enhancing the economic development of the society. It has been postulated that horizontal associations have a tendency for reducing the cost that is associated with doing a business in a particular place. This can be attributed to the fact that social networks facilitate coordination and cooperation. However, it mu st be mentioned that social networks that are parochial have a tendency for working against the societal interests. For example, cartels can have the effect of impeding economic and social development. Role of community of practice According to Verburg Andriessen (2011), a community of practice refers of group of people that are interested in the learning process and who share common goals. However, to enhance the efficiency of the community of practice, it is critical to have a moderator to provide guidance and support.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Community of practice allows for the unlocking of the knowledge that may be latent in the minds of the participants. This allows the organization to take advantage of that knowledge to improve on its processes. Knowledge management Linh-Chi (2012), argues that knowledge management refers to the process through which the organ ization promotes the learning process among its employees. This enables the sharing of skills and knowledge among the employees, which has a very great bearing on the performance of the employees and the productivity of the organization. Most of the large organization set aside some resources to specifically cater for knowledge management. In fact, knowledge management is taken to be part and parcel of business strategy. In addition, the department of human resource management is charged with the responsibility of knowledge management. Shannak et al. (2012) is of the view that the major purpose of knowledge management is to enhance the performance of the organization. Additionally, it can be used to provide the organization with the competitive advantage. More importantly, knowledge management is very essential in promoting innovation among the employees in the organization. Some of the areas in which the knowledge in the organization can be used include: product development, new te chnologies, markets and customers. It must also be mentioned that knowledge is also concerned with processes and operations of the concerned organization. Furthermore, knowledge and information are required for new business strategies, production and logistics. There are two types of knowledge that are found in an organization namely; tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is that type of information that cannot be codified, but which influences the manner in which the members of the organization carry out their duties. It must be appreciated that tacit knowledge can be found in the organizational values, practices and norms. On the other hand, explicit knowledge can be stored in the manner that is appropriate for the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Networks Social Capital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the heart of knowledge management is the desire to manage the i ntangible knowledge assets in the organization. The reason for this is that knowledge is a very important element in an organization as it enhances its competitive advantage. For this reason, the organization would want its employees to learn new ways of doing things. Additionally, most organizations are of the view that new knowledge facilitates product development, which in turn creates new business opportunities. This makes the organizations to be wary of any knowledge losses. To achieve this, the organization would want to minimize the risks that are associated with outsourcing, downsizing and resignations (Keh-Luh, Chi Chiu-Mei 2012). Furthermore, the organizations would also want to take advantage of the latent knowledge that can be realized from the organization and the employees. Some of the strategies that are employed to unearth that hidden knowledge include: enhancing the personnel information systems, developing mentoring services, and aligning the organization culture to be supportive of the learning process. For this reason, it can be said that knowledge management is concerned with the unraveling of the necessary knowledge and the dissemination of that knowledge throughout the organization. This knowledge is very important as it helps in activities such as problem solving, strategic planning, and decision making. Others are of the opinion that knowledge management is concerned with the creation of new knowledge, sharing of that knowledge, and the strategies that are used to enhance the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge. Knowledge sharing is a term that is used to denote the sharing of knowledge, as well as the transference of knowledge between the individuals and the groups in an organization. Some of the factors that enable knowledge sharing include the organization culture and values that tend to enhance the process of knowledge sharing. These factors are instrumental in facilitating individual knowledge development as well as dealin g with the obstacles that tends to impede the process of knowledge development. In addition to that, the factors also promote the sharing of the knowledge within the organization. This is the only way in which knowledge can be converted from individual knowledge to organizational knowledge.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Knowledge networking According to Plum Hassink (2011), knowledge networking has the potential to facilitate capacity development in an organization. In addition, it must be noted that knowledge networks promote the idea of learning together. This can have a tremendous influence on the performance of the entire team and that of the entire organization in general. It has also been adduced that learning is very instrumental in influencing the performance of the organization. This is based on the premise that knowledge is very essential for any organization in this fast changing business environment. The major thrust of the knowledge networking is the human collaboration and not the technology that is used to enhance it. Part of the reason as to why there has been this trend towards knowledge network is that there has been a diminished need to approach an expert to solve the organization’s challenges. In addition, there has been advancement in technology which has facilitated ef ficient communication. This allows individuals to share ideas and knowledge. It can also be said that technology has also facilitated both informal and formal means of communication. The net effect of this is that there is a widened platform though which exchange of information can take place. In the modern era it can be said that most of the networks are supported by technology. Moreover, the traditional form of networking such as alumni are being facilitated by the electronic platforms. There are various types of networks that can be classified as small or large or even spontaneous or pre-determined. Nonetheless, the main aim of these networks is to facilitate the horizontal flow of information to the concerned parties. According to some organizations there are two classes of networks that are used namely-delivery networks and enabling networks. It has been postulated that delivery networks are intent on delivering value to the organization (Lassen 2009). On the other hand, delive ring networks are keen on enhancing the capacity of the employees to perform even better. To ensure that those knowledge networks are effective, it is critical that they should have the driving force that will enhance the sustainability of the same. In addition, there are three aspects that are considered to be the hallmarks of effective knowledge networks namely- a community of people that co-operate, a shared topic, and organizational practices that are supportive of those networks. It can also be said that a knowledge networks consists of people who interact with each other and are committed to the learning process in a bid to acquire more knowledge. They also agree on the methods that work best for them during the learning process. In addition, the members of the group decide on common approaches to issues that could be facing them. Again, knowledge networks emphasizes on the need for sharing knowledge. The efficiency of the knowledge network hinges on the platform that is used as the medium of communication by the members of the team (Magnusson 2004). Dimensions of knowledge network It must be appreciated that a knowledge network consists of a group of people who interact with each other, learn together, and also build relationships that facilitate mutual commitment. Another aspect of the networks is that they are very dynamic, and for this reason they keep on changing in terms of membership from time to time. Moreover, the external environment provides pressures on the network, which in turn influences the response of the network. There are some attributes that apply to all the networks namely-diversity, reciprocity and trust (Expà ³sito-Langa Molina-Morales 2010). Diversity is a very key component of the network in that it enhances the diversity of the ideas that are availed to the network. However, it is important to realize that too much diversity can have the effect of affecting the operations of the network due to lack of shared values and princip les. Diversity also facilitates each member of the organization to aid in the exchange of information. Additionally, there is no one who is coerced to participate in the affairs of the network. According to Huggins Johnston (2009), the outcome of the network is heavily dependent on the level of trust of the members. If the members do not develop adequate level of trust, they are not likely to open up to each other. This might impede the process of development of knowledge. The level of trust can be enhanced by increasing the opportunities for interactions in the network. It must also be appreciated that in situations in which the supervisor is present during deliberations, the members will be reluctant to open up to each other. This can be supported by the postulate that the flow of knowledge is likely to be better among peers. Reciprocity arises in situations in which all the members expect to be appreciated for their efforts in the network. Towards this end, members make tremendo us sacrifice in terms of time and resources in order to attain the goals of the network. One of the key pillars of any organization is its social capital, and its takes considerable amount of time to put up. However, this social capital can crumble due to inept management. The contribution of the members of the organization is at its best when they feel as part and parcel of the network. This sense of belonging brings down any inhibition that may hold back the members from expressing themselves freely. Care should also be taken to ensure that the members are not held back from giving their ideas by some other members who have a tendency to dominate the discussions forums. Additionally, the moderator for the discussion should ensure that the queries by the members are addressed in a timely fashion. This will tend to motivate the participants to express themselves freely. When the members of the networks work collaboratively, there is always a high chance that the solution will be fou nd much faster than would be case for individuals working in isolation on the same issue. How to enhance the outcome of knowledge networks The topic that is being considered by the network should be such that it is not too broad and impenetrable (Carlsson 2003). This will enhance the possibility that all the members will work together to unravel the solution to the issue at hand, the earliest forms of networks arose among the craftsmen. These were in form of guilds where members of a particular profession worked collaboratively so as to discover new and better ways of carrying out their trades. At the same time, they jealously guarded the knowledge acquired, but shared it freely among themselves. This had the effect of widening the knowledge base for the concerned vocations. The topic being studied should be such that it is focused on a particular issue. Therefore, the members of the network have the duty of keeping track of the current stock of knowledge and also acting as the cust odians of that knowledge. In this regard, the members should keep both the tacit knowledge as well as the explicit knowledge, and to ensure that is passed on to the other members of the network. This acts as the base upon which the acquisition of future knowledge is founded. This ensures that the knowledge possessed by the members keeps on growing as time goes by. Carlsson (2004) contends that the network must put in place measures that are meant to enhance knowledge sharing among the members. This will act as the catalyst for the development of knowledge. To enhance the outcome of the deliberations of the networks it is important to have the main themes that need to be tackled. This would in turn bring about finer themes that are meant to address specific issues that may arise. Consequently, this would guide the members in determining the relevance of the solutions that they might proposed. It is also important for the members of the networks to identify those areas in which they a re weak with a view to building capacity in those areas. To facilitate the identification of the areas in which the members of the network can build capacity, it is important o make use of self assessment framework. Additionally, the use of self assessment framework also facilitates in the creation of the common focus and language that can be used in the discussions by the members of the network. Networks are also critical in the identification of the knowledge that is already known by its members. This knowledge is also augmented by the collective experience of the members of the network. Since the members have both the tacit and the explicit knowledge coupled with the experience in its application, they are usually in a better position to determine whether the information should be shared or not. Social capital According to Felà ­cio, Couto Caiado (2012), social capital is very essential in helping the company to innovate and retain its competitive edge. Social capital can be co nsidered ass the set of skills and knowledge that are embedded in the relationships that are forged in the organizations. It has also been said that those individuals who perform well are invariably connected to others who also perform well. For this reason, social capital is considered to be an asset in an organization. Members of a social group help each other in the acquisition of knowledge, and they are obligated to support each other in their endeavors. It can also be noted that those organization that perform well are known for the manner in which they utilize the skills and knowledge that are inherent in their workforces. However, in order to take advantage of the networks in the organization, there is a need to eliminate structural holes. This arises when individuals in different groups tends to concentrate on their activities without extending assistance to others that may belong to different groups. For this reason, these structural holes may have the effect of slowing dow n the dissemination of knowledge in the organization. This can be supported by the assertion that the people in different structural holes tend to disseminate different information. Thus the structural holes should be viewed as the weak links in the organization, which hinder the free flow of information in the organization. Social capital is characterized by three dimensions namely- the structural dimension, the cognitive dimension and the relational dimension. The structural dimension refers to the ties that exist in the network and which affects the ease with which members are able to bond with each other. On the other hand, cognitive dimension is concerned with the shared narratives and language that is used by the members in the group. The relational dimension refers to the values, norms and the roles that each member of the network is expected to play. When all these dimensions come into play they help in the growth of the intellectual capital in the organization. There are di fferent types of social capital that are appropriate for different goals. In this regard, there are three different characteristics that are associated with social capital. The first characteristic deals with the benefits of relevance, timeliness, and trustworthiness that are accrued by making use of the networks. Secondly social capital facilitates the means through which the members in the network can be influenced and controlled, as well as freeing them up from that control. The other characteristic is the social solidarity. This arises when members of the group repetitively participate in the activities of the network. This brings about mutual trust and obligation. Individual learning Traditional human management practices emphasizes on individual learning as a means of enhancing the capacity of the organization. Due to the fact that knowledge is taken to be one of the important prerequisites of the success of the organization, it is important to adopt the right approaches to le arning. Individual learning can also be considered as means of effecting organizational leaning. Towards this end, it has been postulated that the individual learning should be continuous so as to enable the organization to respond to the changes in the environment. This is the only way in which the individual can remain relevant at the workplace (Aslam et al. 2011). It can be said that individual learning takes into account the needs of the individual students. Individual learning usually takes place on a one-on-one basis, whereby the trainer takes an individual through a particular lesson. Some of the factors that the trainer will need to take in consideration during training include: the learning environment, attitude, maturity, motivation, interests, and the pace of learning for the individual learners. Some of the advantages that are associated with individual learning include the fact that the learning process can be customized to respond to the needs of the different learners . Additionally, the learners are allowed to learn at a pace that is convenient for them. The learners can also determine the method and the information that they can learn. Organizational Learning Organizational learning can be considered to be the hallmark of an organization that is continuously adapting to respond to changes in the environment (Wan, Compeau Haggerty 2012). A learning organization is characterized by identification, storage and dissemination of knowledge throughout the organization. This learning is facilitated by the interactions that are forged in the organization. However, the learning process should not be a by-product of the normal activities of the organization. Instead, it should be part of a deliberate process that is intended to widen the knowledge base of the organization. Again, it must be realized that for the knowledge to benefit the entire organization, it must be stored in convenient manner and disseminated to the other members of the organization. In addition, knowledge will need to be transferred in a manner that is convenient and which enhances the understanding of the recipients. Another very important feature of learning organizations is that they learn from their mistakes. The organization must continuously learn to be able to respond to the challenges that are presented by changes. Failure to embrace learning will have the effect of rendering an organization obsolete as time goes by. Organization learning is a social process whereby interactions play a major role in the development of knowledge. Towards this end, the organization must have a culture and a set of values that are supportive of these interactions. A major difference between organizational learning and individual learning is that individual learning is intended to empower individuals while organizational learning is intended to benefit the entire organization. Organizational learning and adaptation from a systems perspective According to Yanow (2000), the s ystem approach advocates for cohesiveness and independency to permeate through out the structures of the organization. In such a scenario member of the organization will be in a position to work on common goals and achieve results by being committed. In addition, during the process of working on the goals, the members will continuously monitor the efficiency of the approach adopted. Moreover, the learning process should embrace diversity in that everybody in the organization should be committed to the realization of the goals of the organization. System approach investigates how our actions influence others and the learning process in general. This implies that human beings are interdependent on each other. Additional, the system approach has it that one should view the big picture in the problem solving process. This is contrary to the conventional approach whereby the problem is broken down into smaller pieces to facilitate easier problem solving. Failure to look at the big pictur e could have the effect of implementing solutions that could have negative effects on others as well as on the entire organization. KM related HR implications According to Pastor, Santana Sierra (2010), knowledge management is concerned with the identification, storage and the sharing of knowledge. On the other hand, human resource management is concerned with aspects such as recruitment training and hiring of employees. For this reason, knowledge management can have an impact on the training that is provided to the employees by the human resource department. Additionally, knowledge management challenges human resources management in aspects such as intellectual property, unit boundaries and professional identity. Consequently, the perception of the human resources on the issue of human resource development is shifted from that of capacity development to that of nurturing the necessary interactions within the organization, with a view to widening the knowledge base of the organizat ion. In addition, knowledge management helps the human resource management to organize training that is based on the identified areas in which the employees will need to be coached on. According to the knowledge based view, knowledge is the most important resource for the organization. Therefore, knowledge influences the competitiveness of the organization relative to that of the other organizations in the same industry. Moreover, knowledge is a key resource as well as a major basis for the sustainability of the organization. To ensure sustainability of the organization, there is need to adopt management practices that are sustainable. Therefore, it is apparent that knowledge management can play major role in enhancing the ability of the human resource management to adopt practices that are consistent with the sustainability issue. It must also be acknowledged that knowledge is very essential in enhancing innovation and creativity in the organization. According to the human resource management practices, a lot of emphasis is placed on the identification of the facilitators and the inhibitors of innovation in the organization. For this reason, some of the aspects that have been highlighted include: people, structure, organization size and the availability of resources. However, other approaches on the same issue have identified other factors that can influence the ability of the organization to innovate. Some of those other factors include: organizational environment, strategic type, and organizational climate and culture. This has major impact on the strategies employed by the human resources management to promote innovation within the organization as knowledge management advocates for the use of networking in the organization. Networking is very critical since it plays a major role in widening the knowledge base of the organization, which is very instrumental in enhancing the ability of the organization to innovate. Alternatively, the organization should enco urage the employees to have differing perceptions of the challenges posed to the organization. Conclusion Knowledge can be viewed as a very important asset that can determine the success or failure of the organization. This is particularly acute for the organizations in this fast changing business environment. An organization that embraces new knowledge and uses it for its advantage will be in a position to succeed. This implies that the right strategies need to be adopted to help in the accumulation and dissemination of the relevant knowledge. 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